Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphate insecticide that induces toxicity primarily through acetylcholinesterase inhibition, resulting in pronounced neurotoxic effects in humans and non-target organisms. Its persistence, high lipophilicity, and extensive environmental distribution contribute to significant contamination of soil, water, and food systems. This review critically evaluates magnetic nanomaterialassisted enzymatic detoxification as an emerging and sustainable strategy for the remediation of organophosphate pesticides. It highlights the potential of enzyme immobilization on magnetic nanoparticles as an advanced and sustainable approach to enhance enzymatic stability, catalytic efficiency, and reusability. The synthesis approaches and key physicochemical properties of magnetic nanomaterials are discussed in relation to their effectiveness as immobilization supports. Recent studies demonstrating efficient CPF degradation using immobilized enzymes, including laccase and organophosphorus hydrolase, are highlighted. Furthermore, the toxicological implications of CPF degradation products, particularly 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol are also presented. The review also identifies key challenges, including scalability, environmental safety, and long-term impacts of nanomaterials, and emphasizes future directions for the development of multifunctional nanozyme systems for effective and sustainable bioremediation.

Pyrethroids are synthetic analogs of natural pyrethrins, widely used as insecticides due to their high efficacy and relatively low mammalian toxicity. This article reviews the toxicological profiles of pyrethroids, their mechanisms of action, human health implications, and environmental effects. Emphasis is placed on their neurotoxic effects, bioaccumulation, and impact on non-target organisms, including aquatic life and beneficial insects. Regulatory considerations and future research directions are also discussed.

Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Amla) is a widely used medicinal plant with significant therapeutic potential. However, its safety and efficacy depend on proper authentication and standardization of raw material. The present study aimed to establish a comprehensive pharmacognostic profile of E. officinalis fruit as a foundational approach for toxicity assessment of herbal formulations. Morphological evaluation revealed globose, greenish fruits with six distinct ridges, while microscopic analysis showed a well-defined epidermis, thick cuticle, parenchymatous mesocarp, and scattered vascular bundles. Physico-chemical analysis demonstrated higher extractive values in polar solvents, with water (58.66%) and ethanol (42.73%) indicating the abundance of polar phytoconstituents. The acidic pH (3.14 ± 0.08) further reflects its chemical nature. These parameters collectively provide reliable markers for authentication, quality control, and detection of adulteration. The study highlights the importance of pharmacognostic standardization as a prerequisite for ensuring the safety, consistency, and toxicological evaluation of herbal formulations.

The review highlights the influences of heavy metals on fishes. Through bioaccumulation, these heavy metals get stored in different organs of the fishes and gets biomagnified at the higher trophic levels and eventually reach humans. Fishes are usually contemplated as the bioindicators of heavy metal contamination. Heavy metal also ensues the instability of the ecosystem, resulting in the deprivation of the biodiversity at all the levels. Heavy metals perturb various behavioural and physiological changes in the fishes, eventually leading to their death. Heavy metals also pose enormous health effects on humans including cancer.

CT Microplastics have emerged as persistent contaminants of increasing concern in terrestrial ecosystems, particularly in agricultural soils where plastic residues accumulate through mulching films, compost amendments, sewage sludge, irrigation water, and atmospheric deposition. Recent studies indicate that plants can interact with microplastics through both below-ground and above-ground pathways, leading to adhesion to root and leaf surfaces, partial internalization of nanoscale particles, and limited translocation to aerial tissues under certain conditions. Once associated with plant systems, microplastics can impair root and shoot growth, disturb nutrient uptake, induce oxidative stress, alter soil physicochemical properties, and disrupt rhizosphere microbial communities. At the molecular level, microplastic exposure can influence gene expression related to antioxidant defense, energy metabolism, cell-cycle regulation, and photosynthesis, ultimately affecting plant productivity. In addition to these direct phytotoxic effects, microplastics indirectly affect plants by modifying soil structure, enzymatic activities, microbial dynamics, and nutrient cycling within the rhizosphere. Recent research has identified potential mitigation strategies, including biochar amendments, beneficial microbial inoculation, silicon and selenium supplementation, and antioxidant or hormonal priming.

The increasing use of organic UV filters, such as benzophenone (BP-3) and its derivatives have raised concern regarding their ecotoxicological effects on the aquatic environment. 4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP), a derivative of benzophenone is used in many cosmetics products to protect the skin against the harmful effects of UV radiation. DHBP has been detected in the environment and become an emerging contaminant of concern. However, no work was done on DHBP in previous years. The aim of the present study was to examine the embryo-larval toxicity attributed to DHBP, utilizing zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model after exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of this compound. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to DHBP at concentrations of 200, 400, 800 µg/L at different time intervals i.e. 24, 48, 72 and 96hours post fertilization (hpf) to examine developmental toxicity, cardiac toxicity, neurotoxicity and effects on growth parameters. DHBP significantly elevated the mortality rate and depleted the hatchability rate in a concentration and time dependent manner at different exposed groups when compared to control group. Heart rate was found to be significantly increased in DHBP exposed groups when compared to control. The neurotoxicity marker i.e. spontaneous tail coiling movement was found to be significantly decreased in DHBP exposed larvae compared to control

Toxicological studies support our ability to evaluate the safety and biological impacts of natural and synthetic substances. In an era of rapid technological advancement, mass chemical production and environmental change, toxicology plays a pivotal role in public health, regulatory policy, drug development, industrial safety and environmental protection. This editorial explores the importance of toxicological studies in contemporary times, examining their historical evolution, methodological frameworks, application areas, challenges and future directions. By illustrating the multi contributions of toxicological research to societal well-being, this paper underscores its indispensable role in safeguarding human health, preserving ecosystems and advising future policies.