Magnetic Nanomaterial-Assisted Enzymatic Detoxification of Organophosphate Pesticides: Toxicological Relevance, Mechanisms, Risk Pathways and Future Directions

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphate insecticide that induces toxicity primarily through acetylcholinesterase inhibition, resulting in pronounced neurotoxic effects in humans and non-target organisms. Its persistence, high lipophilicity, and extensive environmental distribution contribute to significant contamination of soil, water, and food systems. This review critically evaluates magnetic nanomaterialassisted enzymatic detoxification as an emerging and sustainable strategy for the remediation of organophosphate pesticides. It highlights the potential of enzyme immobilization on magnetic nanoparticles as an advanced and sustainable approach to enhance enzymatic stability, catalytic efficiency, and reusability. The synthesis approaches and key physicochemical properties of magnetic nanomaterials are discussed in relation to their effectiveness as immobilization supports. Recent studies demonstrating efficient CPF degradation using immobilized enzymes, including laccase and organophosphorus hydrolase, are highlighted. Furthermore, the toxicological implications of CPF degradation products, particularly 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol are also presented. The review also identifies key challenges, including scalability, environmental safety, and long-term impacts of nanomaterials, and emphasizes future directions for the development of multifunctional nanozyme systems for effective and sustainable bioremediation.